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There are often people who say, "This society is already tolerant enough towards homosexuality; we have allowed the existence of the homosexual community, so why are they still making a fuss?" Many so-called "non-homophobic" individuals hold such views, even stating, "I don't dislike homosexuals, but seeing them constantly demanding equal rights makes me increasingly uncomfortable." Some people also say, "We have already tolerated the existence of homosexuals; you should be pursuing equality, not special privileges."

On the surface, this viewpoint seems tolerant, but it actually ignores a fundamental fact: tolerance and equality are completely different concepts. Tolerance merely means accepting the existence of the homosexual community to some extent, but it does not mean that homosexuals enjoy the same rights and dignity as heterosexuals. The homosexual community still exists in a gray area, without the same legal rights as heterosexuals and without legal protection. The reason for continuing to speak out is that equality has not yet been achieved; this is not a privilege.

1. The distinction between tolerance, equality, and privilege
   Tolerance is just the most basic acceptance, while true equality means that homosexuals enjoy the same rights and treatment as other groups in law and society. This includes marriage equality, equal employment, and protection from discrimination.

Tolerance is passive; it is a reluctant acceptance. Many people's tolerance towards homosexuality is merely a superficial gesture, hiding a desire to avoid social conflict or pressure from the law, rather than stemming from genuine understanding and respect. This tolerance often accompanies invisible discrimination and prejudice, and may even be mixed with open hostility and dissatisfaction. For example, some people may verbally say they "allow" the existence of homosexuality, but privately still mock, exclude, or even attack homosexuals. They may put on a facade of tolerance in public, while harboring hostility and prejudice against homosexuals in their hearts.

Equality, on the other hand, is completely different; it is a proactive stance, a positive acknowledgment and respect. Equality means that homosexuals enjoy completely equal rights and opportunities in all aspects of law, economy, society, and culture. Equality not only demands the elimination of overt discriminatory behaviors but also calls for the eradication of invisible discrimination deeply rooted in institutions and culture. It requires us to truly treat everyone equally in education, employment, marriage, healthcare, and other fields. Equality is not just a legal text; it is also an elevation of social consciousness, requiring each of us to genuinely understand, accept, and respect the existence and rights of homosexuals from the depths of our hearts.

Privilege, on the contrary, is the opposite of equality; it is an unequal power and advantage. In society, certain groups enjoy special rights and treatment that exceed those of other groups due to factors such as race, gender, sexual orientation, and economic status. These privileges are often invisible, taken for granted by the privileged group, while non-privileged groups must endure various forms of injustice and discrimination.

Privilege exists not only at the individual level but is also deeply embedded in social structures and institutions. For example, the marriage rights, social recognition, and cultural support enjoyed by heterosexuals are a form of privilege. For them, getting married and having children, enjoying family life, is the most normal thing; however, for homosexuals, this is a path filled with obstacles and challenges. Privileged groups often fail to recognize their privilege because they have never experienced the pain and helplessness of being deprived of rights.

To eliminate privilege and achieve true equality requires the awakening and reflection of privileged groups. It is necessary to recognize that one's privilege is not a given, but is built on the oppression and sacrifice of others.

2. Invisible discrimination within tolerance
   Tolerance itself implies an unequal attitude. Allowing a certain group to "exist" essentially stands from a position of superiority, as if the existence of this group needs to be "allowed" and is a kind of grace. In reality, every person, regardless of sexual orientation, has the right to exist equally; this is a basic entitlement. Viewing the existence of the homosexual community as a result of tolerance, rather than a basic human right, is a great disrespect to homosexuals.

This invisible discrimination is even harder to detect, yet it is omnipresent. For example, in the workplace, many homosexuals feel compelled to hide their sexual orientation for fear of discrimination; this invisible pressure and fear stem from the fact that society has not yet achieved true equality. Additionally, in public, homosexuals displaying affection often face strange looks and verbal attacks, and may even be labeled as "immoral" or "indecent," while heterosexuals can display their affection without concern.

More seriously, some extreme heterosexuals view their sexual orientation as a "gift from heaven," believing that homosexuals are "asking for trouble" and are inherently "inferior." This mindset not only reflects a profound disrespect for homosexuals but also highlights their self-righteous sense of superiority. Their "tolerance" is, in fact, a form of charity, a dissatisfaction and contempt from those in a higher position towards those in a lower position. Under the shadow of this invisible discrimination, society often fails to recognize its deeper issues. Tolerance does not truly solve problems; on the contrary, it allows homosexuals to continue living in oppression and fear. The superficial tolerance masks the actual existence of unfairness, further reinforcing this inequality.

3. The true meaning of equality
   Equality is not only the rights of the homosexual community but also a reflection of social progress. A truly equal society means that everyone can freely be themselves without discrimination or oppression based on gender, race, religion, or sexual orientation. This is not about adopting the so-called "political correctness" of the West, but rather a universal value applicable to all humanity. Equality is not just a change at the legal level; it is a transformation of social concepts, a true acknowledgment of diversity and inclusivity.

The struggle for equality by the homosexual community is not about seeking privilege but about pursuing the most basic dignity and rights. Just as women fought for the right to vote and African Americans fought for equal rights, the struggle for equality by homosexuals is also an important part of humanity's pursuit of equality and justice. The true meaning of equality lies in its ability to liberate the oppressed and elevate the moral standards and cultural literacy of the entire society. Through equality, we can not only witness the return of individual dignity but also envision a more harmonious and inclusive future for society. Equality is a path to freedom and justice; walking this path, each of us will become a more complete and noble version of ourselves.

To better understand this meaning, I would like to quote something I mentioned in a comment on another article titled "Self-Identity of Niche Groups Filled with Buffs":

The silence of homosexuals represents an acceptance of the current situation. Reproductive lovers (referring to those who view reproduction as the primary purpose of life, usually valuing sexual desire, material life, and reproduction over love) suppress homosexuals in the name of reproduction, yet few heterosexuals openly oppose this, resulting in an increasingly difficult situation for homosexuals.

While speaking out may cause discomfort and consume empathy, it can indeed promote equality. Currently, whether it is the depathologization of homosexuality or the existing gray area where homosexuality can exist (in the past few decades, being together as homosexuals was illegal and punishable), this situation is also the result of generations of homosexuals speaking out and fighting. Rights never come from doing nothing and waiting for charity; I believe you and I both know this.

In fact, oppression against homosexuals has always existed; it has just been deliberately suppressed and not reported, leading to a significant information gap. Being born inferior is frustrating for anyone. Perhaps for some, allowing the actual existence of homosexuality, neither supporting nor opposing it, is considered equality, but in reality, there are significant issues. The legal rights of homosexuals have never been clearly protected by law.

For example, will the right to marry for same-sex partners be given voluntarily without struggle? Some may say that not getting married is fine. However, since same-sex partners do not have offspring, if one party suddenly becomes incapacitated and needs emergency care, how can the other party sign? When they grow old and have no children, how can one inherit the other's property after the other passes away to ensure their future living?

There are many more details to discuss; life is very realistic. It is not enough to say that I tolerate your existence to achieve equality. True equality is not about tolerating your existence but about you and me being equal; all the legal rights you have, I should have as well. If this is considered privilege, then what is equality?

In public, intimate actions like holding hands among homosexuals can be criticized by many in underdeveloped second and third-tier cities, while heterosexuals kissing in public goes unnoticed. This is not equality; on the contrary, heterosexuality appears to be a privilege from the perspective of homosexuals.

4. The necessity of understanding and respect
   To achieve true equality, understanding and respect are essential. Understanding the lives and struggles of homosexuals and respecting the rights and dignity of minority groups can eliminate prejudice and discrimination. Education and advocacy play a crucial role in this regard; through proper education on gender and sexual orientation, more people can recognize that homosexuals are ordinary people who have the right to love and be loved, and the right to pursue happiness.

In today's society, whenever someone tries to promote understanding of what homosexuality is and inform the public about the situation and struggles of homosexuals, they are often misunderstood and accused of promoting homosexuality, leading to resistance. Family and school education in this regard is completely lacking; they often worry that such promotion will have adverse effects on minors. The following paragraphs will explain this misunderstanding one by one.

As I mentioned in my previous comment:

Currently in China, the rights of homosexuals are only actively pursued by a minority of them, while most people are in a state of getting by (many actually have a very powerless and helpless mindset, knowing that their influence is too small). Those heterosexuals who can actively support the legal rights of homosexuals are mostly the parents and friends of openly gay individuals. Ordinary heterosexuals, even if they do not discriminate against homosexuals, will only adopt a bystander mentality, as it is not their issue and there is no need to get involved.

From a social and biological perspective, the proportion of homosexuals in humans, although varying due to cultural and political factors (these factors limit the willingness of individuals to express themselves and admit their orientation), generally remains around 5%. The highest regions do not exceed 10%. Different species in the animal kingdom also have fixed proportions of homosexuality, which do not change significantly. Current mainstream research suggests that the fixed proportion is due to a complex interplay of genes and gene expression, which basically does not change over time.

As time goes on, the overall proportion of homosexuals will not significantly increase, so we can only promote understanding and support among more heterosexuals to resist the hegemony dominated by traditional reproductive lovers, in order to improve the situation.

The significance of education lies not in persuading those whose views are deeply entrenched, as their thinking has become ingrained in a long-term distorted living environment, but in providing insights for the new generation to avoid being influenced by reproductive lovers, thus fostering more open-minded young people.

In debates with reproductive lovers, my goal is not to persuade the other side but to ensure my logic is coherent and my information is as accurate as possible, so that the new generation is less likely to be misled by the logic of reproductive lovers when they see related materials.

Understanding and respect should not merely stop at simple inquiries into popular science articles and verbal expressions; they require in-depth exploration and acceptance of the real situations faced by homosexuals and the emotional world of related groups. Many times, prejudice and discrimination stem from misunderstanding and ignorance, and breaking down these barriers is a key step towards achieving equality.

5. Common misconceptions about homosexuality
   5.1 The misconception that homosexuality is cultivated later in life
   5.1.1 The different meanings of innate and acquired in different contexts
   In biology and medicine, "innate" usually refers to characteristics that an individual possesses before birth (i.e., during the fetal stage), typically related to genetic factors, including genetic inheritance, selective gene expression, and the growth and development processes of embryos and fetuses in the womb. "Acquired" usually refers to characteristics formed after birth through environmental, educational, and habitual factors.

In philosophy and psychology, "innate" refers to knowledge or characteristics that exist independently of experience, usually related to a person's inner abilities or nature. "Acquired" refers to knowledge or characteristics obtained through experience, learning, and environmental influences.

In sociology, "innate" typically refers to the social status or identity that an individual possesses at birth, often related to family background, race, etc. "Acquired" refers to the status or achievements that an individual obtains through personal effort, education, and social activities. These three different dimensions of classification have essential differences in meaning.

5.1.2 The sexual orientation of homosexuals is an innate concept in philosophy and psychology
The "sexual orientation" referred to by homosexuals is innate, unchangeable, and not classified in biological and medical terms; it usually refers to concepts in philosophy and psychology. In other words, homosexual orientation is not a matter of subjective will or instinct; it is inherent and cannot be forcibly changed. For example, a clear and determined heterosexual cannot develop feelings for the same sex, just as a homosexual cannot choose to be heterosexual.

This innate concept includes the joint effects of "genetic inheritance," "selective gene expression," "the growth and development process of embryos and fetuses in the womb," and the "influence of the environment" during a short period after birth, rather than being solely controlled by specific genes.

5.1.3 The formation of homosexuality is the result of multiple factors working together
Research shows that genes indeed play an important role in the formation of sexual orientation. Twin studies provide strong evidence: Bailey and Pillard found in a 1991 study that 52% of identical twins (MZ) had homosexual tendencies, while the proportion was only 22% among fraternal twins (DZ). The probability of fraternal twin brothers also being homosexual is much higher than that among ordinary brothers. The similarity in sexual orientation among identical twins can largely be attributed to genetic factors. For fraternal twins, they share about 50% of their genes, so their similarity in sexual orientation is lower. This indicates that genes have an influence on sexual orientation.

Additionally, in 1993, Dean Hamer and others published a study indicating that certain regions on the X chromosome (especially Xq28) are associated with male homosexuality. However, subsequent studies have not fully supported this finding. A 1999 study analyzed the allele sharing and haplotype sharing of microsatellite markers at the Xq28 locus among 52 pairs of homosexual siblings in Canadian families, finding that the sharing rates of these markers did not exceed expected values, indicating no significant linkage between male homosexuality and microsatellite markers at Xq28.

Despite the controversies, genetic research on sexual orientation continues. For example, a 2004 study found that female maternal relatives of homosexuals had higher fertility than those of heterosexuals, further supporting the idea that sexual orientation may be influenced by genetic factors. Furthermore, research advancements in 2016 indicated that the formation of sexual orientation is influenced by both environmental and biological factors, with family and twin studies showing that male homosexuality is affected by genetic factors, although the relevant genes or gene loci have not yet been accurately located.

Some studies have begun to point out that although sexual orientation has genetic factors, no single gene has a significant impact on sexual behavior.

Until the 2019 paper published in "Science," based on genomic data from nearly 500,000 individuals, supported the view that there is no so-called "gay gene." This indicates that while genetic factors play a role in the formation of sexual orientation, this role is a complex effect of multiple genes and loci, rather than the direct action of a single gene.

Ganna et al.'s 2019 study, through large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS), revealed the genetic structure of same-sex sexual behavior. The study involved 493,001 participants from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden, aiming to explore the genes related to sexual orientation. The results indicated that same-sex sexual behavior is polygenic, meaning that non-heterosexual behavior, like other behavioral traits, is the result of the combined effects of multiple genes. Additionally, the study found that the variance contribution of these genetic variants in males and females ranged from 8% to 25%, and the genetic influences were positively correlated but not completely consistent between the sexes, with a genetic correlation coefficient (rg) of 0.636.

The significance of this study lies in its first use of a large dataset to provide sufficient statistical power to identify genetic variants associated with same-sex sexual behavior and estimate their overall contribution to the variation in this behavior. This not only enhances our understanding of the genetic basis of same-sex sexual behavior but also reveals the genetic associations between this behavior and other personality traits and behaviors. Furthermore, Ganna et al.'s research indicates that aspects such as sexual orientation, attraction, identity, and fantasies are influenced by similar genetic variants, with a genetic correlation coefficient exceeding 0.83. This suggests that despite some differences, there may be a high consistency in sexual orientation and behavioral tendencies at the genetic level.

However, genes are just one of many factors influencing sexual orientation.

Gene expression research further reveals the complexity of sexual orientation. In recent years, epigenetic studies have shown that changes in gene expression may also play a role in the formation of sexual orientation. For example, differences in DNA methylation patterns may affect an individual's gender preferences. These epigenetic changes may be triggered by environmental factors or influenced by maternal hormone levels during embryonic development. In other words, the environmental influences a fetus experiences in the womb can also affect its sexual orientation. Further research has found that maternal stress, hormonal changes, and nutritional status during pregnancy can influence the sexual orientation of the developing fetus. For instance, high levels of prenatal stress may lead to changes in the development of the fetal brain in certain aspects, thereby affecting its sexual orientation in adulthood.

Physiological sexual orientation is also closely related to the structure of the brain and reproductive system, which are influenced by both genetic and maternal hormone levels. Specifically, sex hormones (such as testosterone and estrogen) play a key role in fetal development, affecting the development of specific brain regions. For example, areas such as the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala are often considered related to sexual orientation. The density and distribution of sex hormone receptors, as well as the connection patterns between neurons, are also regulated in this process, thereby influencing the formation of sexual orientation.

Therefore, the current scientific consensus leans towards the view that the formation of homosexuality is the result of multiple factors working together. That is, genes, gene expression, and environmental factors (including the environment during embryonic growth) interact in complex ways to influence a person's sexual orientation, rather than a single gene or single factor playing a decisive role.

5.2 The misconception that heterosexuality can be "turned"
Many people believe that heterosexuality can be "turned," which is a deeply rooted misconception stemming from misrepresentations in popular culture. Scientific research and psychological studies have shown that sexual orientation is complex and results from the interplay of multiple factors. It is often formed in childhood or adolescence and is an intrinsic part of the individual, not easily changed by external environments. The so-called "turning" ignores the process of individual self-recognition and the suppression of self-expression by social environments. This misunderstanding not only harms homosexuals but also hinders people's understanding of the diversity of sexual orientations.

5.2.1 The development of brain science promotes the discovery of decisive factors in the emergence of homosexuality
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technology that has only been around for a few decades. However, before this, research on sexual orientation was largely ambiguous, with physiological and social factors intertwined, leading to diversity in definitions and complexity in research. Today, with the help of fMRI, we can directly observe brain wave activity to determine the presence of sexual arousal, thus providing a clearer definition and operational criteria for physiological sexual orientation.

With the development of modern brain science, research paths have become clearer. Researchers have identified some decisive factors and understood their role in the formation of sexual orientation. These findings have been validated not only in humans but also in other mammals such as monkeys. For example, by observing the brain activity of monkeys, similar patterns of sexual arousal to those in humans can be seen, further supporting the biological basis of sexual orientation.

Although some researchers have attempted to change sexual orientation through hormonal interventions (in animal experiments), there have been no successful cases to date. These experimental results indicate that the formation of sexual orientation is primarily influenced by innate factors. While it does not completely depend on genes, sexual orientation cannot be changed by personal choice or external interference. Research based on modern brain science consistently points to the innate nature of sexual orientation. This means that sexual orientation is determined by complex biological factors, rather than being influenced by simple social or environmental factors.

If that is the case, why does the illusion of being able to "correct" homosexuality or "turn" heterosexuality arise?

5.2.2 These misconceptions largely stem from the oscillation of bisexual individuals in recognizing their sexual orientation
Bisexuality, as a sexual orientation, refers to a person who has emotional and sexual attraction to two or more genders. A significant proportion of bisexual individuals are often misunderstood by the public as being either homosexual or heterosexual. However, many bisexuals experience oscillation in their preferences for different genders during the process of recognizing their sexual orientation. This oscillation is not a sign of indecisiveness or confusion among bisexuals, but rather an exploration and confirmation of their true feelings. For instance, a bisexual person may feel more attracted to the opposite sex at one point in time and more attracted to the same sex at another. This dynamic change is a normal phenomenon experienced by bisexuals.

Bisexuality occupies an intermediate state on the "sexual orientation continuum," while pure heterosexuality (complete heterosexuality) and pure homosexuality (complete homosexuality) are located at the extremes.

Regarding the theory of the sexual orientation continuum, Alfred Kinsey proposed the famous Kinsey Scale in his "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male." This scale ranges from 0 (completely heterosexual) to 6 (completely homosexual), describing the diversity and fluidity of sexual orientation. Although Kinsey's research has faced some criticism in terms of scientific methodology, his views on the diversity of sexual orientation provide an important framework for understanding human sexual behavior.

In a society influenced by "heteronormativity," bisexual individuals often feel pressure from mainstream culture. This pressure can lead bisexuals to exhibit strong attraction to the opposite sex at certain times, attempting to fit in with the mainstream and avoid marginalization or discrimination. However, this does not mean their sexual orientation has changed; it is merely a coping strategy in a specific social environment.

Note: Heteronormativity is a social and cultural concept that views heterosexuality as the only normal and natural sexual orientation. This view is often accompanied by the belittling and discrimination of other sexual orientations (such as homosexuality, bisexuality, pansexuality, etc.), emphasizing that heterosexual relationships are the only legitimate, moral, and acceptable form of intimate relationships. Under the influence of heteronormativity, social systems, laws, culture, and media often prioritize and support heterosexual relationships, potentially excluding or marginalizing non-heterosexual individuals. This directly leads to the erroneous social perception that heterosexuality can be "turned" and homosexuality can be "corrected."

The illusion that heterosexuality can be "turned": When seeing bisexual individuals exhibiting stronger attraction to the same sex at a certain stage, some mistakenly believe that any heterosexual can be "turned" into a homosexual if the environment or personal influence is strong enough. However, sexual orientation is intrinsic and not easily changed by external forces. The changes in attraction among bisexuals merely reflect their sexual orientation characteristics, not that they are being "turned" by external factors.

The illusion that homosexuality can be "corrected": Similarly, when bisexual individuals show stronger attraction to the opposite sex at a certain stage, some may mistakenly believe that homosexuals can be "corrected" to become heterosexual. This view not only lacks scientific basis but also ignores the intrinsic stability of sexual orientation. The attraction of bisexuals to the opposite sex does not mean their sexual orientation has changed; it simply indicates that their attraction to a particular gender is more pronounced at that time.

To dispel these misconceptions, we need to recognize two points:

The fluidity of sexual orientation: Research shows that the expression of bisexual orientation is a fluid, multidimensional phenomenon. The changes in attraction to different genders at different stages among bisexuals reflect this fluidity. Understanding this helps eliminate stereotypes and misunderstandings about bisexuals.

The inherent nature of sexual orientation: Whether heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual, sexual orientation is an individual's intrinsic, inherent trait that does not easily change due to external influences. Respecting and accepting each person's sexual orientation is an important foundation for building an inclusive society.

Of course, the above only addresses the majority of sources of this misunderstanding. There is also a portion of misunderstanding due to some young people not having a clear understanding of their sexual orientation during their adolescence (at this moment, their sexual orientation has already been determined, but they have not fully realized it), which may lead them to misinterpret strong friendships as the budding of love.

This phenomenon does not imply that sexual orientation can be changed; rather, it reflects the exploration of one's feelings and gender identity during adolescence. This stage of sexual orientation exploration is a normal and natural part of growing up and should not be viewed as evidence of instability in sexual orientation.

5.2 The misconception that homosexuality is pathological
In today's society, there remains a deeply rooted misconception that homosexuality is pathological and needs to be corrected through some form of treatment. This view is not only completely wrong but also harmful. Authoritative organizations in modern medicine and psychology have explicitly denied this viewpoint. As early as 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) removed homosexuality from the classification of mental disorders, a decision based on extensive scientific research and expert consensus, indicating that homosexuality is a normal sexual orientation, just as healthy and natural as heterosexuality.

5.2.1 The pathologization of homosexuality
The early classification of homosexuality as a mental disorder by psychological associations was facilitated by historical, social, cultural, and scientific factors.

Homosexuality has been suppressed and stigmatized in many historical periods and cultures. In Western societies of the 19th and early 20th centuries, especially in countries heavily influenced by Christianity, homosexual behavior was considered immoral and contrary to traditional family values and gender roles. In the late 19th to early 20th centuries, medicine and law were often closely intertwined. The legal penalties for homosexual behavior (such as the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885 in the UK) and the medical community's view of homosexuality as pathological influenced each other. This legal regulation provided a certain legitimacy for the medical classification of homosexuality as a disorder.

The early establishment of psychology, particularly psychopathology, was profoundly influenced by figures such as Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that human sexual instincts and developmental paths significantly impact mental health, and his theories included homosexual tendencies as part of "sexual perversion." Freud suggested that homosexuality resulted from certain stages in sexual development (such as the "Oedipus complex") not progressing smoothly. Although he did not consider homosexuality a disease, his theories laid the groundwork for later medical pathologization.

In 1952, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) first published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I), listing homosexuality as one of the "sexual deviations." This diagnosis was influenced by the medical community's research on normal and abnormal behaviors, attempting to understand and treat mental disorders through the classification of pathological behaviors. Early studies often lacked scientific rigor and were influenced by social prejudices. For example, some mid-20th-century researchers linked homosexuality to crime, mental illness, and social degeneration. These studies had significant methodological flaws, such as sample selection bias and one-sided conclusions.

5.2.2 The depathologization of homosexuality
It was not until 1973 that the depathologization of homosexuality reached a turning point:

In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association (APA), under strong social and academic pressure, voted to remove homosexuality from the DSM-II. Subsequently, the APA continued to revise its diagnostic manual, and in 1980, the DSM-III was officially published, completely removing homosexuality as a disease entry. This marked a significant shift in psychology and psychiatry's attitude towards homosexuality and promoted the global depathologization process.

The Royal College of Psychiatrists in the UK publicly declared in 1974 that homosexuality should not be considered a mental illness. In 1992, the UK formally removed homosexuality as a disease from the Mental Health Act.

In 1992, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially removed homosexuality from the classification of mental disorders in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). This decision had a global impact, promoting the depathologization process in other countries.

In 2001, China revised the Classification and Diagnostic Criteria for Mental Disorders (CCMD-3), officially removing homosexuality from the list of mental illnesses. This decision was an important milestone in the Chinese homosexual rights movement.

The Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology announced in 1995 that homosexuality should not be considered a mental illness and removed related entries from subsequent mental illness diagnostic standards.

In 1999, Brazil passed a resolution by the Federal Psychology Council prohibiting psychologists from treating homosexuality as a mental disorder. This resolution further promoted the depathologization process in Brazil at both legal and social levels.

Through the above developments, we can realize that the early classification of homosexuality as a mental disorder by psychology was multifaceted, including social and cultural suppression, the combination of law and medicine, the influence of early psychological theories, and biases in the medical community's diagnostic and research methods. This historical process showcases the complexity of the interaction between scientific knowledge and social concepts, while also reflecting the characteristics of scientific knowledge being continuously revised and improved with social progress.

5.2.3 The "conversion" therapies during the pathologization of homosexuality
During the period when homosexuality was pathologized, numerous so-called treatments claimed to "correct" homosexual tendencies. Today, scientific research has proven that sexual orientation cannot be changed through external interventions. "Conversion therapies," including but not limited to "electroshock therapy" and "aversion therapy," have been shown to be not only ineffective but also highly harmful. The history of electroshock therapy and aversion therapy dates back to the mid-20th century when the understanding of homosexuality was largely based on pathological and psychiatric frameworks.

5.2.3.1 Electroshock therapy
Electroshock therapy, also known as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), was used in "conversion therapy" for homosexuality by applying electric shocks to individuals in an attempt to change their sexual orientation. This method originated from early behavioral psychology theories, which believed that negative reinforcement could reduce or eliminate "harmful" behaviors. Practice has shown that this method not only has no effect but also causes significant psychological and physiological harm to patients:

Physiological harm: Electric shocks can damage an individual's brain and nervous system, potentially leading to severe nerve damage, memory loss, cognitive impairment, etc.

Psychological trauma: Electroshock therapy can cause immense psychological pain and trauma, increasing anxiety, depression, and suicide risk. Many individuals who have undergone this therapy report long-term psychological issues and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Ineffectiveness: Scientific research indicates that sexual orientation is a deep-seated, complex biological and psychological phenomenon that cannot be changed through extreme measures like electric shocks. The American Psychiatric Association and other major mental health organizations have clearly stated that attempting to change sexual orientation in this way is impossible.

Adverse consequences: Electroshock therapy has led many recipients to experience severe physiological problems, including nerve damage, long-term memory loss, and cognitive impairment. These physiological damages are often irreversible, severely affecting the patients' daily lives and work capabilities. Many individuals who have undergone electroshock therapy report experiencing extreme psychological pain and trauma. Among these individuals, many develop severe anxiety and depressive symptoms, and some even have suicidal tendencies. In the long term, most of them struggle with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which greatly impacts their quality of life.

5.2.3.2 Aversion therapy
Aversion therapy is a method that attempts to reduce or eliminate a behavior by associating it with unpleasant stimuli. In the context of "conversion therapy" for homosexuality, patients are typically asked to take nauseating drugs or experience other uncomfortable stimuli when viewing images related to homosexuality, in an attempt to "correct" homosexual behavior. The harms of this method include:

Psychological torment: Aversion therapy can cause immense psychological pain and torment, increasing anxiety, depression, and self-loathing risks.

Violation of human rights: Forcing individuals to undergo this abusive treatment is a serious violation of their basic human rights and violates medical ethics and moral standards.

Ineffectiveness: Research has shown that aversion therapy cannot change an individual's sexual orientation and may actually increase mental health issues and suicide risks. The World Health Organization and other health organizations explicitly oppose this practice, deeming it both ineffective and harmful.

Adverse consequences: Aversion therapy can cause significant psychological pain and torment, increasing anxiety, depression, and self-loathing risks. Individuals who undergo such treatment often report ongoing psychological distress and severe emotional issues. This therapy severely undermines individuals' self-identity, leading to significant emotional trauma and long-term mental health issues, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). After experiencing this treatment, individuals often feel extreme shame and guilt, making it difficult to establish a healthy self-identity. Those who have undergone aversion therapy often encounter significant difficulties in their social lives because they feel ashamed and confused about their sexual orientation. This internal conflict makes it challenging for them to build and maintain healthy interpersonal relationships, leading to social isolation and alienation. Some aversion therapies may use physiological pain stimuli, such as drugs that induce vomiting or electric shocks, which are not only harmful to the body but also instill a strong fear and aversion to treatment, further worsening their psychological state.

5.2.3.3 The abolition of "conversion" therapies for homosexuality
International authoritative organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the British Psychological Society (BPS) have explicitly opposed conversion therapy. These organizations point out that sexual orientation and gender identity are essential components of personal identity and should not be subjected to attempts at change. Instead, support and acceptance should be provided to promote mental health and well-being.

In 2009, the report released by the American Psychological Association (APA) stated that there is no reliable scientific evidence that any form of conversion therapy is effective. On the contrary, these therapies may lead to increased depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and suicide risks.

The American Psychological Association (APA) strongly opposed any form of conversion therapy, especially its use on minors, in its 2015 position statement.

A 2018 study published in the journal "Pediatrics" found that LGBTQ+ youth who had undergone conversion therapy had significantly higher rates of suicide attempts compared to their peers who had not received such therapy.

The insistence that homosexuality is pathological is not only a sign of ignorance of scientific knowledge but also a serious infringement on the basic human rights of homosexuals. This viewpoint often leads to discrimination and stigmatization of homosexuals, causing them to suffer unfair treatment in society, and even resulting in psychological and physical harm. Many homosexuals feel isolated and helpless due to societal prejudice and pressure, severely impacting their mental health.

Moreover, viewing homosexuality as pathological ignores individual differences and the diversity of human sexual orientation. Sexual orientation is the result of a complex interplay of physiological and psychological factors, rather than a state that can be simply defined as "normal" or "pathological."

5.3 The misconception that homosexuality violates natural laws
5.3.1 The universality of homosexuality in nature
It must be made clear that homosexual behavior is not unique to humans. Many animal species exhibit homosexual behavior, including mammals, birds, fish, and even insects. For example, black swans (about 25% of black swan pairings are made up of same-sex swans), bottlenose dolphins (homosexual behavior is common among bottlenose dolphins, involving not only sexual acts but also complex social interactions), and Japanese macaques (20% of female Japanese macaques exhibit homosexual behavior at some point in their lives) all demonstrate homosexual behavior. This indicates that homosexuality is a phenomenon that exists universally in nature, rather than a unique product of human society. According to scientific research, over 1,500 species exhibit same-sex behavior, including mammals, birds, fish, and invertebrates such as bats, cows, penguins, beetles, snakes, and starfish.

5.3.2 The evolutionary significance of diversity in sexual orientation
The diversity and variability in nature are the basis of evolution, and the diversity of sexual orientation is actually one aspect of this diversity. Evolutionary biologists believe that genetic and behavioral diversity contributes to the survival of species and their adaptation to environmental changes. For example, homosexual behavior may provide indirect survival advantages to populations in certain contexts, such as non-reproductive individuals caring for the offspring of relatives, thereby enhancing the continuation of their genes. This behavior increases the survival chances of relatives, indirectly ensuring that individuals carrying similar genes can reproduce and thus enhance the overall adaptability of the population.

Further research has shown that the diversity of sexual orientation is not only prevalent among mammals but is also widely observed in birds, fish, and invertebrates. This suggests that the diversity of sexual orientation may have profound evolutionary significance. For instance, in certain bird populations, non-reproductive homosexual individuals help nurture offspring, increasing the survival rates of the young. This phenomenon is also reflected in social insects, where non-reproductive individuals in bee and ant colonies help rear larvae, maintaining the stability and prosperity of the entire colony.

5.3.3 Interpreting from the perspective of the necessity for species survival
In nature, the existence of many behaviors and traits may seem to contradict the principle of direct reproduction, but at a deeper level, they can promote the continuation and prosperity of species through indirect means. The grandmother hypothesis suggests that post-menopausal women no longer directly participate in reproduction, but by caring for their grandchildren, they increase the chances of their genes surviving and propagating in the next generation. This hypothesis has received considerable support in research. Studies have shown that the presence of grandmothers significantly improves the survival and health of grandchildren.

Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding how homosexuality is maintained in evolution. One view is that homosexual behavior may have evolved as a social behavior, known as the "grandmother hypothesis" or group selection theory. This theory posits that homosexual individuals may help the survival of the entire group by caring for other group members (such as offspring) without reproducing themselves, thus gaining certain advantages in the evolutionary process. This view is supported by some studies, for example, one study proposed that homosexual behavior may have evolved to promote social integration and prosocial behavior.

Evolutionary biologists believe that the genes influencing homosexual tendencies may be retained in populations precisely because homosexual individuals help increase the chances of their genes being passed on within the group. Homosexual behavior may provide certain adaptive advantages through promoting social integration and prosocial behavior, rather than through direct reproduction.

These findings support the importance of the diversity of sexual orientation in biological evolution and reveal how diversity can promote the adaptation and survival of species at different levels.

5.3.4 Social and cultural biases
The viewpoint that homosexuality "violates natural laws" largely stems from social and cultural biases rather than scientific facts. Many societies and cultures have historically held negative attitudes towards homosexuality, which have often been misinterpreted as "natural." In reality, cultural norms and moral values in human societies are variable and influenced by many factors, including religion, politics, and economics.

Scientific research shows that homosexual behavior is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species and is not a cultural product unique to humans. These studies challenge the notion of viewing homosexuality as "unnatural" and emphasize the normal status of sexual orientation diversity in biology and evolution.

For example, Herek pointed out that there is a significant gap between society's negative attitudes towards homosexuality and scientific understanding of sexual orientation. Foucault also explored how modern society shapes and controls perceptions of sexual orientation through power structures and knowledge systems. These studies reveal how social and cultural biases influence views on homosexuality, while scientific evidence emphasizes the naturalness and evolutionary significance of sexual orientation diversity.

5.4 The misconception that homosexuality will lead to human extinction
5.4.1 The proportion of homosexuals among humans
According to multiple studies, the proportion of homosexuals among humans is approximately 4% to 10% of the total population. This proportion may vary in different cultural and social environments, but overall, it is a relatively stable figure. According to a study published in the "Annual Review of Sociology," the differences between countries and regions are mainly related to social acceptance and legal protection.

In Western countries (such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, etc.), the relatively high acceptance of homosexuality leads to a higher proportion of homosexuals. For example, according to a Gallup poll conducted in 2021, about 5.6% of American adults identified as LGBTQ+. In contrast, in some conservative countries (such as those in the Middle East and some African nations), the proportion of homosexuals is lower, which may not necessarily reflect the true situation but could be due to social and political pressures that prevent many from openly disclosing their sexual orientation. According to a study published in the "International Journal of Gender Studies," homosexuals in these regions often choose to conceal their sexual orientation due to fear of social rejection and legal sanctions.

The Netherlands was one of the first countries to legalize same-sex marriage (in 2001). After the legalization of same-sex marriage, the acceptance of homosexuality in Dutch society significantly increased, leading more people to openly disclose their sexual orientation. This phenomenon indicates that improvements in legal and social acceptance can significantly affect the visibility and self-identity of homosexuals.

5.4.2 The impact of homosexuality on human survival
5.4.2.1 Misunderstandings and facts about homosexuality
The reproductive capacity of humans primarily depends on the fertility of heterosexual relationships, and homosexuals do not hinder this process. On the contrary, some homosexuals often build families and raise children through other means (such as adoption or surrogacy). The homosexual community has always existed throughout human history and has maintained a fixed and relatively low level.

5.4.2.2 The relationship between population growth and sexual orientation
There is no direct correlation between global population growth rates and the proportion of homosexuals. According to United Nations statistics, the global population continues to grow, even in countries that are more tolerant and accepting of homosexuality, where population growth rates remain at a healthy level. In fact, population growth rates are more influenced by various factors such as economics, culture, and policy, rather than individual sexual orientations.

5.4.2.3 The contributions of homosexuals to social structures
Homosexuals have made significant contributions at various social levels, including culture, art, science, and politics. The existence and contributions of homosexuals not only enrich the diversity of human society but also promote social progress and development. According to research in the "Annual Review of Sociology," social acceptance and inclusivity of homosexuality can foster a more harmonious and stable social environment, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of society as a whole.

5.5 The misconception that homosexuality will negatively impact others or society
Some people worry that homosexuality will have negative effects on others or society, even believing that homosexuals are unsuitable for certain professions, especially in education and healthcare. This concern is unfounded; homosexuals and heterosexuals have no differences in abilities, sense of responsibility, or moral standards.

Many studies have shown that sexual orientation does not affect an individual's job performance or moral standards. For example, the American Psychological Association (APA) states that homosexuals possess the same professional capabilities and moral qualities as heterosexuals in the workplace. Homosexuals are equally capable of excelling in various professions and demonstrate high levels of professionalism and responsibility in their work.

In the field of education, the presence of homosexuals does not negatively impact students. On the contrary, a diverse teaching staff helps create an inclusive and understanding learning environment. According to research published in the "American Educational Research Journal," LGBTQ+ teachers play a positive role in schools, helping students understand and respect diversity through their experiences. This representation of diversity not only enhances students' social awareness but also promotes an equitable and fair educational environment.

In the healthcare field, homosexuals also excel. Many LGBTQ+ healthcare professionals have made significant contributions to patient care and medical research. A 2011 study indicated that LGBTQ+ healthcare providers play an important role in enhancing the inclusivity and responsiveness of healthcare services, strengthening patients' trust in the healthcare system through effective communication. The contributions of homosexuals in healthcare extend beyond clinical practice; they also have significant impacts on health policy and public health.

Excluding homosexuals from certain professions is an unreasonable and unfair form of discrimination. According to a report from the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), discriminatory policies and behaviors have far more negative impacts on society than any so-called "threat of homosexuality to society." This discrimination not only deprives homosexuals of their basic rights but also limits the potential benefits that society can gain from a diverse population.

5.6 The misconception that promoting homosexual culture will negatively affect minors
Some studies indicate that sexual orientation is largely established at a very young age. Many psychological and sexual studies point out that sexual orientation is determined by complex biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Some individuals may become aware of their sexual orientation around puberty, and this awareness usually occurs after their sexual orientation has already been fixed. This means that even if minors are exposed to homosexual culture or related information during childhood or adolescence, it will not change their already established sexual orientation.

Appropriate sexual education and popular science regarding sexual orientation are crucial for the healthy development of adolescents. Through scientific and comprehensive education, adolescents can recognize and understand their sexual orientation earlier, leading to correct self-acceptance. This knowledge not only helps reduce psychological distress and pressure caused by misunderstandings or ignorance but also promotes the establishment of healthy and harmonious interpersonal relationships with others.

The modern psychological consensus holds that sexual orientation is inherently unchangeable. Although some heterosexuals may exhibit homosexual behavior at certain stages, this is often due to exploring their sexual orientation or coping with social pressures, but such behavior does not indicate a true change in their sexual orientation. These temporary behaviors may appear at specific life stages, but ultimately, their sexual orientation will revert to its original state.

Promoting and popularizing homosexual culture will not negatively affect minors. On the contrary, appropriate sexual education can help adolescents better understand themselves and others, reducing prejudice and discrimination stemming from ignorance. Scientific research has proven that sexual orientation is largely fixed early in individual development and cannot be changed through external promotion or education. Therefore, concerns that homosexual culture will negatively impact minors lack scientific basis and empirical support.

5.7 The misconception that homosexuality will undermine marriage and family
A common misconception is that the existence of homosexuality will undermine traditional marriage and family structures. In reality, homosexuals' pursuit of marriage rights is not intended to challenge the status of heterosexual marriage but to seek the same legal protections and social recognition. Same-sex marriage, like heterosexual marriage, is based on love and commitment and can equally foster a happy and stable family environment. Marriage equality does not harm anyone's rights; on the contrary, it makes society more inclusive and diverse.

5.7.1 The necessity of same-sex marriage
5.7.1.1 Same-sex marriage helps to make same-sex relationships more public
The legalization of same-sex marriage plays an important role in maintaining the stability of both parties' relationships. It encourages same-sex partners to make their relationships public, reducing the existence of underground relationships, thereby lowering the likelihood of infidelity and increasing the costs associated with it.

5.7.1.2 Same-sex marriage ensures legal protection for homosexuals in emergencies
Legalizing same-sex marriage ensures that in emergencies, partners have the authority to make medical decisions for each other. Additionally, it guarantees inheritance rights for the surviving partner when one partner passes away without children, ensuring their livelihood.

5.7.1.3 Same-sex marriage helps reduce discrimination and improve mental health
Legalizing same-sex marriage contributes to establishing a more just society, reducing discrimination and improving the mental health of the homosexual community.

For example, data from countries like the Netherlands, which have legalized same-sex marriage, indicate that these legal protections significantly reduce the social stigma faced by homosexuals and improve the overall mental health of LGBTQ+ individuals.

5.7.3 Same-sex marriage helps curb the spread of infectious diseases
The legalization of same-sex marriage has a significant positive impact on controlling the spread of infectious diseases. Open and legal same-sex relationships encourage individuals to undergo medical check-ups more actively and honestly disclose their health status, which is crucial for more effective disease management and prevention. In countries and regions where same-sex marriage is legalized, studies have shown a significant correlation with a decrease in the rates of certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In areas where same-sex marriage is prohibited or restricted, negative societal attitudes towards homosexuality may lead to same-sex behavior being hidden and reckless, thereby increasing the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. For instance, in Canada, data indicate that since the legalization of same-sex marriage, the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases has decreased.

5.7.3.1 The characteristics of HIV transmission in the homosexual community
When discussing the role of same-sex marriage in curbing the spread of infectious diseases, it is particularly important to focus on the dynamics of HIV transmission within the male homosexual community. The transmission of HIV among male homosexuals has specific characteristics due to the nature of sexual behaviors and social network structures within this group. Unprotected sexual behavior and multiple sexual partners among men who have sex with men (MSM) are the primary routes of HIV transmission. These behaviors significantly increase the risk of virus transmission within the community. Additionally, the male homosexual community is often concentrated within specific social groups, which may accelerate the spread of the virus. The high frequency of contact within the community and the close-knit nature of social networks mean that once HIV enters the group, it can spread rapidly.

In contrast, female homosexuals typically require tools or hands to assist during sexual contact due to physiological differences, resulting in a relatively lower efficiency of transmission during sexual contact. This mode of sexual behavior leads to a slower rate of HIV transmission among female homosexuals.

Further research has shown that social stigma and discrimination also influence the transmission of HIV within the homosexual community. These negative social factors may lead homosexuals to underutilize disease prevention measures and post-exposure health testing services, thereby increasing the risk of HIV transmission.

5.7.3.2 The reasons for the widespread transmission of HIV among male homosexuals
From a biological perspective, the higher proportion of male homosexuals in HIV transmission is closely related to biological factors. Anal intercourse is more likely to lead to the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) compared to vaginal intercourse. During anal intercourse, the anal mucosa is more prone to damage than the vaginal mucosa, increasing the risk of virus transmission through bodily fluids.

From a social and behavioral perspective, the lack of acceptance of homosexual relationships in some societies and cultures leads many homosexuals to engage in sexual behaviors and partner relationships underground. This secretive state may lead to the following consequences:

Multiple sexual partners: Due to social pressure making relationships opaque, some homosexuals may choose to have multiple sexual partners, increasing the risk of HIV transmission.

Difficulty accessing timely medical services: Fear of discrimination and stigma may prevent some homosexuals from seeking medical help, making it difficult for them to receive timely testing and treatment.

From a legal and policy perspective, in some countries and regions where same-sex marriage is not yet legalized, this further affects the transmission of HIV within the homosexual community:

Lack of stable relationships: Legal marriage can provide a stable partnership, increasing the costs of infidelity and helping to reduce the number of sexual partners and the risks associated with sexual behavior.

Lack of health rights and services: Legalizing marriage can make it easier for homosexuals to access health insurance and related medical services, promoting regular testing and treatment.

5.7.3.3 The legalization of same-sex marriage can reduce the rate of HIV transmission
The legalization of same-sex marriage effectively reduces the rate of HIV transmission through various mechanisms. First, legalization eliminates the social stigma associated with same-sex relationships. This change encourages more individuals to openly disclose their sexual orientation and sexual behavior, thereby promoting broader HIV testing and early treatment. Research indicates that after the legalization of marriage, the utilization rate of medical services among male homosexuals significantly increased, directly aiding in the early detection and management of diseases.

Moreover, legalized same-sex marriage encourages same-sex partners to adopt healthier sexual behaviors within their relationships. For example, studies have found that after the legalization of same-sex marriage, male homosexuals are more likely to use condoms and reduce the number of sexual partners, significantly lowering the risk of HIV transmission. Additionally, legal marriage provides same-sex partners with legal protections, reducing the risks associated with hidden behaviors due to social pressure, thereby lowering the risk of unprotected sexual behavior.

Research also indicates that increased social acceptance of same-sex relationships helps reduce psychological pressure and related risky behaviors. This social change not only enhances the mental health of the LGBTQ community but also further promotes the prevention and control of HIV. Overall, the legalization of same-sex marriage significantly reduces the rate of HIV transmission by promoting open and healthy sexual behaviors, increasing the utilization of medical services, and reducing psychological pressure.

5.8 The misconception that homosexuality equals same-sex behavior
5.8.1 The multidimensional nature of sexual orientation and the limitations of social cognition
Homosexuality not only refers to sexual behavior between the same sex but also broadly involves emotional attraction, romantic attraction, and sexual attraction. According to relevant research literature, sexual orientation includes emotional attraction, sexual attraction, sexual behavior, and self-identification, all of which collectively define an individual's sexual orientation.

Therefore, homosexuals are not merely defined by same-sex sexual behavior; they may have deep emotional and romantic relationships, which significantly differ from mere sexual behavior. Just as heterosexuality is not equivalent to heterosexual behavior. Correspondingly, individuals who have engaged in heterosexual behavior are not necessarily heterosexual, such as bisexuals, asexuals, or homosexuals who marry for ulterior motives. When we refer to homosexuals, we often mean those who hold a homosexual orientation, not merely those who have engaged in same-sex behavior. Society's understanding of homosexuality is often limited to sexual behavior, which is an overly simplistic view.

5.8.2 The influence of cultural and historical backgrounds
Historical and cultural backgrounds also affect people's understanding of homosexuality. In many cultures, the identity of homosexuals may not fully align with their actual sexual behaviors. For example, some individuals may choose to hide their homosexual inclinations due to social pressure or cultural expectations and engage in sexual relationships with the opposite sex. In certain cultures, homosexual behavior is viewed as taboo, leading to misunderstandings and stereotypes about homosexuality.

In Eastern cultures, for instance, Tokugawa Iemitsu, the third shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate, is historically recorded to have had intimate relationships with several men, yet these relationships were not widely recognized or publicly discussed in society at the time. Historical records show that he still fulfilled his duties as a daimyō in his marriage and family life, having multiple children. These facts make it difficult to simply conclude whether his sexual orientation was a result of political pressure or if he had bisexual tendencies.

In ancient Greece, homosexual behavior was viewed as part of education and social relationships in certain city-states (such as Athens), where relationships between adult men and young boys were seen as a form of mentorship. In ancient Rome, homosexual behavior also existed, but social status and power dynamics played significant roles in these behaviors. Nevertheless, homosexual behaviors in these cultures did not evolve into modern identity recognition of homosexuals.

5.8 The misconception that most homosexuals are HIV carriers
The relationship between the homosexual community and HIV has always been a topic filled with misunderstandings and biases.

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Its main characteristic is severe damage to the immune system, particularly the destruction of CD3+ T cells. These cells play a crucial role in the human immune system, assisting B cells in producing antibodies and regulating immune responses. When HIV infects these cells, it destroys them, weakening the body's ability to resist infections and certain types of cancer.

HIV primarily attacks and destroys CD3+ T cells, leading to impaired immune function, making patients unable to effectively fend off infections and certain cancers. As the number of CD3+ T cells decreases, patients become more susceptible to various opportunistic infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis, and other severe health issues.

5.8.1 Historical background and the origin of misconceptions
In the early 1980s, AIDS was first discovered in the United States and was initially referred to as "gay cancer" because most of the early reported cases occurred among gay men. This early association led to strong public misunderstandings about the homosexual community and HIV. This misunderstanding stems not only from a lack of understanding of how the disease spreads but also from social and cultural factors and biases against the homosexual community.

The discovery of AIDS and its direct connection to the homosexual community was based on the medical research and epidemiological investigations of the time. For example, a 2002 study showed that in high-risk areas for AIDS, such as San Francisco, the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among unmarried males aged 20-49 significantly increased from 1973 to 1978 compared to the period from 1984 to 1988. This indicates that at least in certain regions and populations, AIDS was indeed strongly associated with homosexual behavior.

This association does not mean that AIDS is limited to the homosexual community. Over time, more evidence has shown that HIV/AIDS can be transmitted through various means, including heterosexual behavior, blood transmission, and sharing injection equipment. Furthermore, the transmission of HIV/AIDS is not confined to specific social or cultural groups; it is a global public health issue affecting individuals of different genders, ages, races, and socioeconomic backgrounds.

Due to historical discrimination and biases against the homosexual community, as well as a lack of initial understanding of HIV transmission mechanisms, public misunderstandings about the homosexual community and HIV remain deeply entrenched. This misunderstanding not only exacerbates social exclusion and discrimination against the homosexual community but also delays the implementation of effective prevention and intervention measures. For example, it was not until the 1990s that HIV education and intervention measures targeting young gay men began to receive attention.

5.8.2 The main routes of HIV transmission
According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HIV can be transmitted through various routes, including unprotected sexual intercourse (both heterosexual and homosexual), sharing needles, mother-to-child transmission, and blood transfusions.

5.8.3 Male homosexuals and HIV
While men who have sex with men (MSM) are indeed one of the groups with a higher HIV infection rate in certain regions, it does not mean that most homosexuals are HIV carriers. According to statistics from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS):

In 2022, the median HIV prevalence among adults (aged 15-49) globally was 0.7%, with higher median prevalence rates among key populations, including sex workers, MSM, injection drug users, transgender individuals, and incarcerated individuals, accounting for 2.5%, 7.5%, 5.0%, 10.3%, and 1.4% of all infections, respectively.

It is important to note that this refers to MSM, not gay men. Most MSM are gay men, but some are bisexual or have other sexual orientations. These behaviors are not limited to self-identification of sexual orientation but are defined based on actual behaviors. A significant portion of gay men have not engaged in high-risk sexual behaviors (such as anal intercourse), and some may not have engaged in any sexual contact at all, or may have only participated in lower-risk sexual behaviors such as oral sex or mutual masturbation.

According to data released by relevant media organizations in China:

It has been 38 years since the first case of AIDS was discovered in China in 1985, and the overall AIDS epidemic in China is currently at a low prevalence level. The article "Progress in HIV/AIDS Epidemiological Research in China" mentions that by the end of 2020, there were 1.053 million people infected with HIV in China, with a cumulative reported death toll of 351,000.

Official data shows that the proportion of AIDS transmission through male homosexual behavior increased from 0.3% from 1985 to 2005 to 25.6% in 2022. The particularities of male homosexual behavior and the prevalence of unprotected sexual behavior and non-fixed sexual partners significantly increase the likelihood of men contracting AIDS.

In heterosexual transmission, the main situations leading to the spread of AIDS include having no fixed sexual partner, engaging in unprotected sexual behavior, and commercial sexual activities.

It is not difficult to conclude that due to the lack of legal status for homosexuals in China, the inability to engage in same-sex marriage (without legal constraints and protections for both parties' rights), the lack of fixed partners leads to a higher likelihood of infection among the homosexual community compared to the heterosexual community.

In the newly reported cases in 2022, the proportion of sexual transmission reached 97.6%, with heterosexual transmission accounting for 72.0% and male homosexual transmission accounting for 25.6%.

Nationwide, the HIV infection rate among men who have sex with men is approximately 8%, with some regions reaching as high as 20%. Sentinel monitoring data from 2010 to 2019 showed that the HIV detection rate among MSM in Sichuan Province was the highest, with an overall trend of first rising and then declining. The HIV detection rate among drug users in sentinel monitoring remained around 5%.

This indicates that even among high-risk groups, the majority of homosexuals are not HIV carriers.

It is important to clarify that the data here refers to "sentinel HIV detection rates." Sentinel HIV detection rates refer to the proportion of individuals testing positive for HIV in specific locations (sentinels) and among specific populations. Sentinels are typically chosen in areas where high-risk populations (such as sex workers, injection drug users, MSM, etc.) are concentrated to facilitate monitoring the prevalence of HIV in these high-risk groups.

Thus, this proportion does not represent the percentage of all gay men who are HIV carriers but rather the proportion of those who perceive themselves to be at risk of infection after engaging in high-risk male-to-male sexual behavior and participate in sentinel monitoring. Some gay men do not engage in high-risk male-to-male sexual behavior, some do not disclose their sexual orientation, and some may test for HIV before engaging in high-risk behavior; these "safe" populations are not included in the official detection rates. Moreover, the estimated total number of gay men in China is only about 3-5% of the total population, making it impossible to accurately calculate. The "actual infection rate" among all gay men should be much lower than the "sentinel HIV detection rate" and the "infection rate" of representative samples.

5.8.4 The risk of HIV infection is not directly related to sexual orientation
The high risk of HIV infection is primarily related to the types of behaviors and the use of preventive measures, rather than sexual orientation itself. For example, unprotected sexual behavior, having no fixed sexual partner, sharing needles, etc., are major transmission routes, and these behaviors can occur in any population regardless of sexual orientation. The CDC points out that while MSM account for a high proportion of new HIV infections, this is mainly due to the frequency of high-risk behaviors and some socio-political and cultural economic factors (such as discrimination, poverty, medical conditions, and the lack of legalization of same-sex marriage), rather than because homosexuals are inherently more susceptible to HIV.

Additionally, many studies have shown that promoting safe sexual practices, regular testing, and treatment can significantly reduce HIV infection rates. For instance, the use of condoms and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been proven to be very effective in reducing HIV transmission. This emphasizes the importance of prevention and education rather than the stigmatization of sexual orientation.

While MSM face a higher risk of HIV infection in some regions, linking HIV to the entire homosexual community is both incorrect and harmful. This misunderstanding not only overlooks the HIV risks present among heterosexuals and other groups but also deepens social discrimination against homosexuals. Scientific research and actual data clearly indicate that HIV transmission involves complex behavioral and social factors, rather than being solely a matter of sexual orientation.

5.8.5 The need for destigmatization of HIV-infected groups
In China, despite significant progress in the prevention and treatment of AIDS in recent years, stigma and discrimination against AIDS remain widespread. According to data from UNAIDS, by the end of 2020, there were approximately 1.053 million people infected with HIV in China. Despite substantial efforts by the government and social organizations, such as widespread promotion of preventive measures and improving testing and treatment coverage, many people still hold biases and misunderstandings about AIDS due to traditional views and insufficient information dissemination.

The public's lack of understanding of the transmission routes and prevention knowledge of AIDS often leads to associating it with immoral behavior and unclean lifestyles. The lethality and incurability of AIDS exacerbate people's fear and rejection of those infected. Some media outlets exaggerate the dangers and negative impacts of AIDS in their reporting, neglecting the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Influenced by traditional views, many people avoid discussing sexually transmitted diseases and related topics, leading to the stigmatization of AIDS.

We need to recognize that AIDS infection is not a choice made by individuals; it is an unfortunate circumstance. Stigmatization causes them to face discrimination in employment, healthcare, and education, increasing psychological pressure. Destigmatization can promote public participation in AIDS prevention efforts, improve testing rates and treatment adherence, and reduce disease transmission. Destigmatization can also reduce societal biases and discrimination against specific groups, promoting social inclusivity and harmonious development.

The existence of AIDS stigma not only reflects discrimination and prejudice against those infected but also includes self-stigmatization, where individuals hold negative perceptions of themselves. This dual stigma phenomenon makes the prevention and treatment of AIDS more challenging; therefore, destigmatization strategies should target both the public and the infected groups.

Social cognition theory suggests that stigma is a product of cognitive bias in society, and it is possible to reduce fear and discrimination against AIDS by obtaining complete and accurate information. Therefore, enhancing public education on AIDS-related knowledge, eliminating misunderstandings and erroneous perceptions, is a crucial part of destigmatization. This includes but is not limited to raising public awareness of AIDS transmission routes, treatment methods, and the rights of those infected.

The media plays a key role in shaping public attitudes towards AIDS. Research shows that the impact of mass media on the stigmatization of AIDS in China is dynamic, transitioning from initial panic and rejection to later understanding and acceptance, closely related to changes in media reporting. For those infected, establishing a sound self-perception, a good family support system, and a stable healthcare system are important ways to eliminate stigma. Additionally, strengthening psychological interventions for those infected, helping them build a positive self-image, and reducing self-stigmatization is also very necessary.

Policy support is also an indispensable part of destigmatization. It is necessary to legislate to protect the rights of those infected and provide special protections for priority populations, such as pregnant women, female sex workers, and male homosexuals. Government agencies and the public should work together to truly achieve the goal of destigmatizing the AIDS-infected population.

5.9 The misconception that homosexuality is influenced by popular culture
Some people believe that homosexuality is influenced by popular culture and is a fashionable and trendy choice. This view completely ignores the intrinsic attributes of sexual orientation. Sexual orientation is not something that can be casually chosen or changed. Although popular culture may influence individuals' external gender expressions, it cannot change a person's intrinsic sexual orientation. To view homosexuality as a product of popular culture is not only a misunderstanding but also a denial of the identity of homosexuals.

5.9.1 The influence of popular culture on external gender expression
Popular culture often propagates gender stereotypes by repeatedly portraying specific gender roles and behaviors. For example, male roles may be depicted as strong, brave, and rational, while female roles are portrayed as gentle, emotional, and dependent on others. Through popular culture, societal norms regarding how men and women should behave are continuously reinforced. These norms may include appearance (such as clothing and hairstyles) and behavioral patterns (such as expressing emotions and handling conflicts).

5.9.2 The intrinsic nature of sexual orientation
Sexual orientation refers to an individual's enduring attraction to specific genders in emotional, romantic, and sexual contexts. This attraction is multidimensional, encompassing emotional, sexual, and social relationships. The psychological and medical communities widely recognize sexual orientation as the result of the interplay of innate and acquired factors, rather than a simple product of personal choice or external influence.

According to the definition by the American Psychological Association (APA), sexual orientation is not merely a behavior or preference at a specific moment but is a person's enduring and relatively stable intrinsic attribute. Research indicates that sexual orientation typically begins to manifest around puberty and gradually clarifies during adolescence. However, there is evidence suggesting that the roots of sexual orientation may begin to solidify even earlier in childhood, possibly as early as ages 4-6, only becoming apparent and recognized during puberty.

For example, in my personal experience, I clearly sensed during kindergarten that I had feelings of affection, admiration, and fantasy towards the male characters in various movies, TV shows, and artistic works broadcasted on television, while I had no similar feelings towards females. It was not until puberty (around the first year of middle school) that I gradually realized that these feelings represented a male sexual orientation, which to some extent corroborates this research finding.

Currently, research results provide evidence that sexual orientation may be fixed by ages 4-6, but the recognition and self-confirmation of sexual orientation often become clearer after puberty. For instance, a retrospective data analysis study on GLB adults found that the time span for sexual orientation milestones ranged from ages 12 to 22, with most participants classified in the early development group, indicating that early development of self-recognition of sexual orientation is common across age groups. Another study also supports this view, finding that the development of self-recognition of sexual orientation is a continuous process that extends from late adolescence (ages 16 to 18) into young adulthood (20s). In short, sexual orientation is an objective fact, while the self-recognition and confirmation of sexual orientation is a subjective process.

Since sexual orientation is intrinsic and fixed, regardless of how popular culture promotes it, it will not fundamentally change a person's sexual orientation. A homosexual will not suddenly develop an attraction to the opposite sex and engage in relationships due to popular culture, nor will a heterosexual become attracted to the same sex and engage in relationships because of homosexual culture. If a heterosexual or homosexual changes their "external sexual orientation" due to popular culture, it is likely that their intrinsic orientation was already bisexual, but their self-identification has been unclear all along. This indirectly illustrates that intrinsic sexual orientation cannot be changed. The primary role of popular culture is to increase the visibility and acceptance of different sexual orientations, rather than to change an individual's sexual orientation.

5.9.3 The denial of the identity of homosexuals
To view homosexuality as a product of popular culture lacks scientific basis and can harm homosexuals. This perspective denies the true identity of homosexuals, suggesting that their sexual orientation is a choice or can be changed, thereby providing an excuse for certain social biases and discrimination.

6. The importance of education and advocacy
   6.1 The importance of eliminating misunderstandings through education
   To eliminate misunderstandings about homosexuals, education and advocacy play a crucial role. This is not just about transmitting information but also about shaping concepts. Through proper education on gender and sexual orientation, people can recognize the true circumstances of homosexuals and understand their feelings and needs. As some scholars have pointed out, "Education can change people's attitudes and behaviors, thereby eliminating discrimination and prejudice."

6.2 The key role of school education
Schools are the core venues for implementing education. Conducting courses on gender and sexual orientation in schools can expose students to scientific and objective knowledge from an early age, thereby avoiding the formation of erroneous concepts. For example, implementing gender equality and sexual orientation education in schools can significantly reduce students' negative attitudes towards homosexuals. Additionally, through teachers' guidance and positive classroom discussions, students can better understand and respect different sexual orientations and gender identities.

School education is not only about imparting scientific knowledge but also about guiding minors to correctly recognize themselves, thereby reducing the risk of mental health issues among adolescent homosexuals. For instance, adolescent homosexuals often face higher rates of depression and anxiety due to societal rejection and family pressure. Therefore, schools can effectively reduce these psychological issues through proper education and psychological counseling, helping minors grow up healthily.

6.3 The influence of family and community education and media
In addition to school education, family and community education, as well as media, play important roles in promoting correct gender concepts. Family and community education can help people encounter and understand the lives and stories of homosexuals in their daily lives, thereby bridging the gap between individuals. The media, through movies, TV shows, news reports, and other forms, conveys positive images of homosexuals, breaking traditional stereotypes. For example, the portrayal of homosexual characters in the TV show "Modern Family" provides viewers with a more realistic and positive understanding of homosexuals.

6.4 The shift in social attitudes
Extensive education and advocacy can gradually change societal attitudes towards homosexuals. Populations that have received relevant education tend to exhibit higher levels of tolerance and respect when interacting with homosexuals. This shift in attitude is not merely a transition from tolerance to respect but also from prejudice to understanding. Achieving understanding and respect for homosexuals requires each individual to start from themselves. Respecting the rights and dignity of every homosexual, understanding their lives and struggles, and actively supporting equality actions are concrete actions that everyone can take. Only through the efforts of each individual can we collectively build a truly equal and inclusive society.

In this process, everyone's efforts are important, and every individual's change is crucial. Through our collective efforts, we can make this world a better place, more suitable for everyone to live freely and happily. As pointed out in the book "Gender and Society," "The power of the collective can drive social change and promote gender equality and diversity."

7. The vicious cycle caused by suppressing homosexuality
   The discrimination and oppression faced by the homosexual community in society not only have profound impacts on their personal lives but also lead to widespread social issues. The vicious cycle formed by suppressing homosexuality not only weakens people's correct understanding and recognition of homosexuality but also negatively impacts social health and family structures in multiple ways.

7.1 Discrimination and lack of understanding
Discriminating against homosexuality leads to a lack of understanding of it. The discrimination and stigmatization in society make the public's scientific understanding and recognition of homosexuality increasingly blurred. The lack of proper advocacy and popular science allows misunderstandings and prejudices about homosexuality to continue spreading in society. Minors with homosexual inclinations, if only exposed to a value system of "heteronormativity," often experience severe self-identity issues when they discover their sexual orientation differs from the mainstream. This confusion and conflict in self-identity can easily lead to psychological problems, including anxiety, depression, and even suicidal tendencies.

7.2 Hiding sexual orientation and marriage deception
Moreover, due to social pressure, many homosexuals choose to hide their sexual orientation and marry individuals of the opposite sex. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent among male homosexuals, leading to what is known as "marriage deception." Male homosexuals marry women to escape societal and familial pressures, but since their true sexual orientation does not change, their married life is often filled with contradictions and conflicts. Such deceptive marriages not only harm women and infringe upon their rights but also have serious impacts on the growth of children and the harmony of families. This "marriage deception" phenomenon often leads to marital breakdowns, causing long-term negative impacts on the mental health of family members.

7.3 The underground nature of same-sex relationships and public health
Discrimination and suppression of homosexuality also lead to the illegality of same-sex relationships, making same-sex marriage impossible. Due to the lack of legal protections and social recognition, homosexual relationships often have to exist underground. In such an environment, homosexuals lack supervision and support from those around them, leading to increased rates of infidelity and promiscuity, thereby raising the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS. In countries where same-sex relationships are public and legalized, the spread of AIDS is relatively low because these countries can provide better public health services and education.

Suppressing homosexuality not only harms individuals' physical and mental health but also poses a threat to the overall health and stability of society. To break this vicious cycle, society needs to adopt a more inclusive and understanding attitude in terms of policy and culture, strengthen scientific understanding and advocacy for homosexuality, and grant equal rights and respect to the homosexual community, thereby promoting social harmony and progress.

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